Red Summer of 1919
Equal Justice Initiative
A short article considering what sparked the riots and massacres of Red Summer 1919, and its effects on communities around the United States.
ELAINE, ARKANSAS
The Elaine, Arkansas massacre of 1919 stands as the deadliest case of racial violence in Arkansas history. Author and historian Grif Stockley reveals the haunting story of Elaine, Arkansas.
Interview with Lillian Butner, January 30, 1987
"Lillian Butner was a child during the 1919 race riot in Corbin, Kentucky. In this interview she discusses the riot, and why her family was unaffected by it. She talks about her grandfather, who owned several businesses and a large amount of property in the area. She talks about race relations in Corbin, London, and Laurel County, Kentucky, including her experiences as a teacher during integration, her family's work for the railroad, and the current acceptance of interracial marriages by the community, as well as the lynchings and other incidents of violence and racism against African Americans in the area.
The Arkansas Race Riot-Ida B. Wells-Barnett
Account of the “Elaine [Arkansas] Race Riot” of September 30, 1919.
Visualizing the Red Summer
"The interactive digital map locates all of the known and verified interracial violence that occurred during the Red Summer including race riots, lynchings, near riots, forced expulsions and similar events. Every marker on the map can be clicked on for more information about the violence that occurred there. (Note: Markers are not exact locations, but rather mark the city’s location.)"